Are religiosity and spirituality different dimensions?
Keywords:
Spirituality, Religion, Cancer, Palliative care, Terminal care, QuestionnaireAbstract
Objective: To establish if spirituality and religion are independent dimensions.
Method: Simultaneous measurements using two questionnaires for evaluating spirituality (FACIT-Sp) and religiosity (DSES) in a sample of 251 patients diagnosed as having cancer. Correlation analysis and multivariate techniques (factor analysis and multidimensional scaling) were used to evaluate associations between dimensions.
Results: Correlation levels were higher in the intra-scale component, with the DSES items having the better correlation coefficients. Factor analysis suggests a multidimensional structure (4 components explaining 66% of the total variance), whereas DSES items account for the variance of only one factor. Two of the items of the DSES scale (D13, D14) do not seem to fit. Multidimensional scaling suggests that items corresponding to DSES and FACIT-Sp measure independent dimensions.
Conclusion: Results suggest that religiosity and spirituality seem to be independent theoretical concepts.
Author Biographies
Ricardo Sánchez, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología
Grupo de investigación clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Fabio Sierra, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología
Grupo de investigación clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Karol Zárate, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología
Grupo de investigación clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
References
Chochinov HM, Cann BJ. Interventions to enhance the spiritual aspects of dying. J Palliat Med. 2005;8 Suppl 1:S103-15.
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2005.8.s-103
Dyer AR. Spirituality and cancer: an introduction. South Med J. 2011;104(4):287-8.
https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31820677cb
Okon TR. Spiritual, religious, and existential aspects of palliative care. J Palliat Med. 2005;8(2):392-414.
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2005.8.392
Morris DA, Johnson KS, Ammarell N, Arnold RM, Tulsky JA, Steinhauser KE. What is your understanding of your illness? A communication tool to explore patients' perspectives of living with advanced illness. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(11):1460-6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2109-2
Johnson KS, Tulsky JA, Hays JC, Arnold RM, Olsen MK, Lindquist JH, et al. Which domains of spirituality are associated with anxiety and depression in patients with advanced illness? J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(7):751-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1656-2
Delgado-Guay MO, Hui D, Parsons HA, Govan K, De la Cruz M, Thorney S, et al. Spirituality, religiosity, and spiritual pain in advanced cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;41(6):986-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.09.017
Dyer J. How does spirituality affect physical health? A conceptual review. Holist Nurs Pract. 2007;21(6):324-8.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HNP.0000298617.27008.be
Steinhauser KE, Alexander SC, Byock IR, George LK, Tulsky JA. Seriously ill patients' discussions of preparation and life completion: an intervention to assist with transition at the end of life. Palliat Support Care. 2009;7(4):393-404.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S147895150999040X
Steinhauser KE, Christakis NA, Clipp EC, McNeilly M, McIntyre L, Tulsky JA. Factors considered important at the end of life by patients, family, physicians, and other care providers. JAMA. 2000;284(19):2476-82, 15.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.19.2476
Albers G, Echteld MA, de Vet HC, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der Linden MH, Deliens L. Content and spiritual items of quality-of-life instruments appropriate for use in palliative care: a review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;40(2):290-300.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.12.012
Puchalski CM. Spirituality in the cancer trajectory. Ann Oncol. 2012;23 Suppl 3:49-55.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds088
Puchalski C, Ferrell B, Virani R, Otis-Green S, Baird P, Bull J, et al. Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: the report of the Consensus Conference. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(10):885-904.
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2009.0142
Lazenby M, Khatib J, Al-Khair F, Neamat M. Psychometric properties of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp) in an Arabicspeaking, predominantly Muslim population. Psychooncology. 2013;22(1):220-7.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.2062
Puchalski CM. Spiritual issues as an essential element of quality palliative care: a commentary. J Clin Ethics. 2008;19(2):160-2. 15. Rumbold BD. Caring for the spirit: lessons from working with the dying. Med J Aust. 2003;179 6 Suppl:S11-3, 15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2003.08.002
Astrow AB, Puchalski CM, Sulmasy DP. Religion, spirituality, and health care: social, ethical, and practical considerations. Am J Med. 2001;110(4):283-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00708-7
de Jager Meezenbroek E, Garssen B, van den Berg M, van Dierendonck D, Visser A, Schaufeli WB. Measuring spirituality as a universal human experience: a review of spirituality question- naires. J Relig Health. 2012;51(2):336-54.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9376-1
Selman L, Siegert R, Harding R, Gysels M, Speck P, Higginson IJ. A psychometric evaluation of measures of spirituality validated in culturally diverse palliative care populations. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;42(4):604-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.015
Selman L, Harding R, Gysels M, Speck P, Higginson IJ. The measurement of spirituality in palliative care and the content of tools validated cross-culturally: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;41(4):728-53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.06.023
Gijsberts MJ, Echteld MA, van der Steen JT, Muller MT, Otten RH, Ribbe MW, et al. Spirituality at the end of life: conceptualization of measurable aspects-a systematic review. J Palliat Med. 2011;14(7):852-63.
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2010.0356
Maugans TA. The SPIRITual history. Arch Fam Med. 1996;5(1): 11-6.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archfami.5.1.11
Romero C, Friedman LC, Kalidas M, Elledge R, Chang J, Liscum KR. Self-forgiveness, spirituality, and psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer. J Behav Med. 2006;29(1):29-36.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9038-z
Holland JC, Kash KM, Passik S, Gronert MK, Sison A, Lederberg M, et al. A brief spiritual beliefs inventory for use in quality of life research in life-threatening illness. Psychooncology. 1998;7(6):460-9.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199811/12)7:6<460::AID-PON328>3.0.CO;2-R
Peterman AH, Fitchett G, Brady MJ, Hernandez L, Cella D. Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy-Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp). Ann Behav Med. 2002;24(1):49-58.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_06
Noguchi W, Ohno T, Morita S, Aihara O, Tsujii H, Shimozuma K, et al. Reliability and validity of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual (FACIT-Sp) for Japanese patients with cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12(4):240-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-003-0582-1
Canada AL, Murphy PE, Fitchett G, Peterman AH, Schover LR. A 3-factor model for the FACIT-Sp. Psychooncology. 2008;17(9):908-16.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1307
Murphy PE, Canada AL, Fitchett G, Stein K, Portier K, Crammer C, et al. An examination of the 3-factor model and structural invariance across racial/ethnic groups for the FACIT-Sp: a report from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors-II (SCS-II). Psychooncology. 2010;19(3):264-72.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1559
Noguchi W, Ohno T, Morita S, Aihara O, Tsujii H, Shimozuma K, et al. [Reliability and validity of the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy-spiritual (FACIT-Sp) Japanese version in cancer patients-a preliminary study]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2004;31(3):387-91.
Jafari N, Zamani A, Lazenby M, Farajzadegan Z, Emami H, Loghmani A. Translation and validation of the Persian version of the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy-Spiritual wellbeing scale (FACIT-Sp) among Muslim Iranians in treatment for cancer. Palliat Support Care. 2013;11(1):29-35.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951512000727
Underwood LG, Teresi JA. The daily spiritual experience scale: development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health related data. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24(1):22-33.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_04
Underwood LG. Ordinary spiritual experience: qualitative research, interpretive guidelines and population distribution for Daily Spiritual Experience Scale. Archive for the Psichology of Religion. 2006;28(1):37.
de Leeuw J, Mair P. Multidimensional scaling using majorization: SMACOF in R. Journal of Statistical Software. 2009;31(1):30
https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v031.i03
Underwood LG. The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Overview and results. Religions. 2011;2(1):29-50.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010029
Woods CM. Careless responding to reverse-worded items: implications for confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2009;28(3): 186-91.
How to Cite
Downloads
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Todos los derechos reservados.
