Tumores de Células Germinales

Bosl GJ, Sheinfeld J, Bajorin DF et al. Cancer of the testis. En: De Vita, Jr. VT, Heilman S, Rosemberg SA, etal, editors. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 6 ed. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;2001. pp 1394- 1426.

Bosl GJ, Motzer RJ. Testicular germ-cell cancer. N Engl J Med 1997;337:242-253. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199707243370406

Devesa SS, Blot WJ, Stone BJ et al. Recent cancer trends in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:175-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.3.175

Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics 2000. CA: Cancer J Clin 2000;50:7-33. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.50.1.7

Dearnaley DP, Huddart RA, Norwich A. Managing testicular cancer. Br J Cancer 2001;322:1583-1588. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7302.1583

Nichols CR, Fox EP. Extragonadal and pediatric germ cell tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1991;5:1189-1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8588(18)30378-2

Munro AJ, Duncan W, Webb IN. Extragonadal presentations of germ cell tumors. Br J Urol 1983;55:547-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1983.tb03368.x

Fizazi K, Culine S, Droz JP et al. Primary medias tinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: results of modern therapy including cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:725-732. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1998.16.2.725

Ternes R, Allen N, Chavez T et al. Primary mediastinal malignancies in children: report of 22 patients and comparison to 197 adults. The Oncologist 2000;5:179-184. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.5-3-179

Balmaceda C, Heller G, Rosenblum M et al. Chemotherapy without irradiation-a hovel approach for newly diagnosed CNS germ cell tumors: results of an international cooperative trial. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2908-2915. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1996.14.11.2908

Buckner JC, Peethambaram PP, Smithson WA et al. Phase II trial of primary chemotherapy followed by reduced-dose radiationfor CNS germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:933-940. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.3.933

Bamberg M, Kortmann RD, Calaminas G et al. Radiation therapy for intracranial germinoma: results of the German cooperative prospective trials MAKEI 83/86/89. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2585-2592. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.8.2585

Packer RJ, Cohen BH, Coney K. Intracranial germ cell tumors. The Oncologist 2000;5:312- 320. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2000-0312

Forman D, Oliver RT, Brett AR et al. Familial testicular cancer: a report of the UK family register estimation of risk and an HLA class 1 , sib-pair analysis. Br J Cancer 1992;65:255-262. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1992.51

Young JA, Bohne AW. Seminoma in non-twin brothers: a case report. J Urol 1972;107:1000-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)61192-3

Dieckmann KP, Pichlmeier U. The prevalence of familial testicular cancer: An analysis of two patient populations and review of the literature Cancer 1997; 80:1954-1960. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19971115)80:10<1954::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-X

Eid H} Gulyas M, Géczi L et al. Expression of bcl-2 in testicular carcinoma: Correlation with tumor progression and MDRl/Pgp. Cancer 1998;83:331-336 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980715)83:2<331::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-U

Batata MA, Chu FC, Hilaris BS et al. Testicular cancer in cryptorchids. Cancer 1982;49:1023- 1030. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19820301)49:5<1023::AID-CNCR2820490528>3.0.CO;2-M

Nichols CP, HeeremaNA, Palmer C etal. Kline felter's syndrome associated with mediastinal germ cell neoplasms. J Clin Oncol 1987;5:1290- 1294. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1987.5.8.1290

Hartmann JT, Nichols CR, Droz JP et al. Hematologic disorders associated with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:54-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.1.54

Nichols CR, Roth BJ, Heerema N et al. Hematologic neoplasia associated with primary medias tinal germ-cell tumors. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1425-1429. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199005173222004

GohjiKy Goto A, TakenakaAy etal. Extragonadal germ cell tumor in the retrovesical region associated with Klinefelter's syndrome: a case report and revieww of the literature. J Urol 1989;141:133-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)40620-3

Timmerman JM, Northfelt DW, Small EJ. Malignant germ cell tumors in men infected with the human inmuno deficiency virus: natural history and results of therapy. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:1391-1397. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1995.13.6.1391

Bemardi D, Salvioni R, Vaccher E et al. Testicular germ cell tumors and human immu nodeficiency virus infection: a report of 26 cases. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2705-2711. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1995.13.11.2705

Coogan CL, Foster RS} Simmons GR. et al. Bilateral testicular tumors:Managemenet and outcome in 21 patients. Cancer 1998;83:547-552. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980801)83:3<547::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-V

Jacobsen GK} Henriksen OB, von der Maase H. Carcinoma in situ of testicular tissue adjacent to malignant germ-cell tumors: a study of 105 cases. Cancer 1981;47:2660-2662. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19810601)47:11<2660::AID-CNCR2820471123>3.0.CO;2-6

Daugaard G, von der Maase H, Olsen J et al. Carcinoma-in-situ testis in patients with assumed extragonadal germ-cell tumors. Lancet 1987; 2:528-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92922-9

Cockburn AGt Vugrin D} Batata M et al. Poorly differentiated (anaplastic) seminoma of the testis. Cancer 1984;53:1991-1994. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19840501)53:9<1991::AID-CNCR2820530931>3.0.CO;2-6

Battifora H, Sheibani K, Tubbs RR et al. Antikeratin antibodies in tumor diagnosis: distinction between seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. Cancer 1984;54:843-848, https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19840901)54:5<843::AID-CNCR2820540514>3.0.CO;2-G

Leibovitch I, Foster RS, Ulbright TM et al. Adult primary pure teratoma of the testis: the Indiana experience. Cancer 1995;75:2244-2250. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19950501)75:9<2244::AID-CNCR2820750909>3.0.CO;2-I

Bosl GJy I Ison DH} Rodriguez E et al. Clinical relevance of the i(12p) marker chromosome in germ cell tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86:349-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.5.349

Ray B, Hajdu SI, Whitmore WF. Distribution of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in testicular germinal tumors. Cancer 1974;33:340-348. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197402)33:2<340::AID-CNCR2820330207>3.0.CO;2-Y

Donohue JP, Zachary JM, Maynard BR. Distribution of nodal metastases in nonsemino matous testis cancer. J Urol 1982;128:315-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)52904-3

Mencel PJ, Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M et al. Advanced seminoma: treatment results, survival and prognostic factors in 142 patients. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:120-126. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1994.12.1.120

Bosl GJy Gluckman R, Getter NL et al. VAB-6: An effective chemotherapy regimen for patients with germ-cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 1986;4:1493- 1499. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1986.4.10.1493

Testis In: American Joint Committee on Cancer: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven (eds) 5th ed. pp 225-230,1997.

Shepherd JH: Revised FIGO staging fo r gynaecological cancer. British Journal of obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;8:889-892. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1989.tb03341.x

International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group. International germ cell consensus classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:594-603. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1997.15.2.594

Thomas GM, Rider WD, Dembo AJ et al. Seminoma of the testis: results of treatment and patterns of failure after radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1982;8:165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(82)90509-0

Hoskin P, Dilly S, Easton D et al. Prognostic factors in stage I non-semonimatous germ-cell testicular tumors managed by orchiectomy and surveillance: implications fo r adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1986;4:1031-1036. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1986.4.7.1031

HeindenreichA, Sesterhenn I A, Mostofi FK et a l Prognostic risk factors that identify patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors at low risk and high risk for metastasis. Cancer 1998;83:1002-1011. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<1002::AID-CNCR27>3.0.CO;2-A

Klepp O, Olsson AM, Henrikson H et al. Prognostic factors in clinical stage I non seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: Multivariate analysis of a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:509-518. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1990.8.3.509

Donohue JP and Rowland RG. Complications of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. J Urol 1981;125:338-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55029-6

Donohue JP, Thornhill JA, Foster RS et a l Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for clinical stage A testis cancer (1965-1989): modifications of technique and impact on ejaculation. J Urol 1993;149:237-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36046-9

Bokemeyer C, Berger CC, Kuczyk MA et al. Evaluation of long-term toxicity after chemo therapy for testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2923-2932. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1996.14.11.2923

Lampe H, Horwich A, Nicholls A et al. Fertility after chemotherapy for testicular germ cell cancers. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:239-245. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1997.15.1.239

Howell SJ, Radford J A, Ryder WD etal. Testicular junction after cytotoxic chemotherapy: evidence of Leydig cell insufficiency. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1493-1498. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.5.1493

Petersen PM, Giwercman A, Hansen SW et al. Impaired testicular function in patients with carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:173-179. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.1.173

Zapzalka DM, Redmon JB, Pryor JL. A survey of oncologists regarding sperm cryopreservation and assisted reproductive techniques for male cancer patients. Cancer 86;1812-1817. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19991101)86:9<1812::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-L

Brewer M, Gershenson GM, Herzog CE et al. Outcome and reproductive function after chemotherapy for ovarian dysgerminoma. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:2670-2675. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.9.2670

Bokemeyer C, SchmollHJ, Kuczyk MA etal. Risk of secondary leukemia following high cumulative doses ofetoposide during chemotherapy for testi cular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:58-60. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.1.58

Bokemeyer C, SchmollHJ. Treatment of testicular cancer and the development of secondary malignancies. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13:283-92. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1995.13.1.283

Hassan B, Tung K, Weeks R et al. The mana gement of inferior vena cava obstruction complicating metastatic germ cell tumors. Cancer 1999:85:912-918. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990215)85:4<912::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-5

Weijl NI, Rutten MFJ, Zwinderman AH et al. Thromboembolic events during chemotherapy for germ cell cancer: a cohort study and revieww of the literature. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2169-2178. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.10.2169

Meinardi MT, Gietema JA, van der Graaf WTA et al. Cardiovascular morbidity in long-term survivors of metastatic testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:1725-1732. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.8.1725

Fossa SD, Bokemeyer C, GerlA et al. Treatment outcome of patients with brain metastases from malignant germ cell tumors. Cancer 1999; 85:988-997. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990215)85:4<988::AID-CNCR29>3.0.CO;2-R

Vugrin D, Whitmore WF, Cvitkovic E et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy combination of vinblastine, actinomycin D, bleomycin, and chlorambucil following retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for stage II testis tumor. Cancer 1981;47:840-844. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19810301)47:5<840::AID-CNCR2820470503>3.0.CO;2-M

Williams SD, Birch R, Einhom LH et al. Treatment of disseminated germ-cell tumors with cisplatin, bleomycin, and either vinblastine or etoposide. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1435-1440. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198706043162302

Warde P, Gospodarowicz M, Panzarella T et al. Management of stage II seminoma. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:290-294. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1998.16.1.290

Nichols CR, Catalano PJ, Crawford ED et al. Randomized comparison of cisplatin and etoposide and either bleomycin or ifosfamide in treatment of advanced disseminated germ cell tumors: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Southwest Oncology Group, and Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:1287-1293. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1998.16.4.1287

Pont J, Albrecht W, Postner G. Adjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ cell cancer: long-term results of a prospective trial. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:441-448. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1996.14.2.441

Horwich A, Sleijfer DT, Fossa SD et al. Randomized trial of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin compared with bleomycin, etoposide, and carboplatin in good-prognosis metastatic nonsemonomatous germ cell cancer: A Multiinstitutional Medical Research Council/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Trial. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:18441852. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1997.15.5.1844

Heidenreich A, Sesterhenn JA, Mostofi FK et al. Prognostic risk factors that identify patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors at low risk and high risk for metastasis. Cancer 1998;83:1002-1011. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<1002::AID-CNCR27>3.0.CO;2-A

Saxman SB, Finch D, Gonin R et al. Log-term follow-up of a phase III study of three versus four cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin in favorable-prognosis germ-cell tumors: The Indiana University experience. / C/m Oncol 1998;16:702-706. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1998.16.2.702

Mazumdar M, Bajorin DF, Bacik J et al. Predicting outcome to chemotherapy inpatients with germ cell tumors: the value of the rate of decline of human chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha-fetoprotein during therapy. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2534-2541. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.9.2534

Read G, Stenning SP, Cullen MH et al. Medical research council prospective study of surveillance for stage I testicular teratoma. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:1762-1768. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1992.10.11.1762

Trigo JM, Tabernero JM, Paz-Ares Letal. Tumor markers at the time of recurrence in patients with germ cell tumors. Cancer 2000;88:162-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000101)88:1<162::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-V

Harstrick A, Schmoll HJ, Wilke H. Cisplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide salvage therapy for refractory orrelapsin germ cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:1549-1555. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1991.9.9.1549

McCaffrey JA, Mazumdar M, Bojorin DF. Ifosfamide-and cisplatin-containing chemotherapy as first-line salvage therapy in germ cell tumors: response and survival. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2559-2563. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1997.15.7.2559

Loehrer PJ, Gonin R, Nichols CR et al. Vinblastine plus ifosfamide plus cisplatin as initial salvage therapy in recurrent germ cell tumor. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2500-2504. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1998.16.7.2500

Hartmann JT, Einhorn L, Nichols CR et al. Second-line chemotherapy in patients with relapsed extragonadal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: results of an international multicenter analysis. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1641-1648. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.6.1641

Puc HS, Heelan R, Mazumdar M. Management of residual mass in advanced seminoma: resultsand recommendations from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:454-460. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1996.14.2.454

Debono DJ, Heilman DK, Einhorn LH, et a lDecision analysis for avoiding postchemotherapysurgery in patients with disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1455-1464. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1997.15.4.1455

Stenning SP, Parkinson MC, Fisher C et al.Postchemotherapy residual masses in germ cell tumor patients. Cancer 1998;83:1409-1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981001)83:7<1409::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-8

Steyerberg EW, Marshall PB, Keizer HJ et al.Resection of small, residual retroperitonealmasses after chemotherapy for nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Cancer 1999;85:1331-1341. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990315)85:6<1331::AID-CNCR16>3.0.CO;2-I

Fizazi K, Tjulandin S, Salvioni R et al. Viablemalignant cells after primary chemotherapy for disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumors:prognostic factors and role of postsurgery chemotherapy-Results from an International Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2647-2657. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.10.2647

FoxEP, Weathers TD, Williams SD et al. Outcome analysis for patients with persistent nonteratomatous germ cell tumor in postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissections. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1294-1299. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1993.11.7.1294

Vuky J, Bains M, Bacik J et al. Role of postche motherapy adjunctive surgery in the management of patients with nonseminoma arising from the mediastinum. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:682-688. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.3.682

Lotz JP, André T, Donsimoni R et al. High dose chemotherapy with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide combined with autologous bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of poorprognosis germ cell tumors and metastatic trophoblastic disease in adults. Cancer 1995; 75:874-885. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19950201)75:3<874::AID-CNCR2820750320>3.0.CO;2-Q

Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M, Bosl GJ et al. Highdose carboplatin, etoposide, and cyclophos phamide for patients with refractory germ cell tumors: treatment results and prognostic factors for survival and toxicity. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:1098-1105. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1996.14.4.1098

Beyer J, Kramar A, Mundanos R et al. High-dose chemotherapy as salvage treatment in germ cell tumors: A multivariate analysis of prognostic variables. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:2638-2645. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1996.14.10.2638

Bokemeyer C, Kollmannsberger C, Meisner C et al. First-line high dose chemotherapy compared with standard-dose PEB/VIP chemotherapy in patientes with advanced germ cell tumors: A multivariate and matched-pair analysis. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:3450-3456. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.11.3450

Gershenson DM, Morris M, Cangir A et al. Treatment of malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:715-720. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1990.8.4.715

Williams S, Blessing JA, Liao SY, et al. Adjuvant therapy of ovarian germ cell tumors with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin: a trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:701-706. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1994.12.4.701

GerlA, Clemm C, LamerzR, etal Cisplatin-based chemotherapy of primary extragonadal germ cell tumors. Cancer 1996;77:526-532. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960201)77:3<526::AID-CNCR15>3.0.CO;2-6